James l farmer jr autobiography books
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James Farmer
American civil rights activist (1920–1999)
For other people named James Farmer, see James Farmer (disambiguation).
James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was an American civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr."[1] He was the initiator and organizer of the first Freedom Ride in 1961, which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the United States.[1][2]
In 1942, Farmer co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality in Chicago along with George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. It was later called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and was dedicated to ending racial segregation in the United States through nonviolence. Farmer served as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944.
By the 1960s, Farmer was known as "one of the Big Four civil rights leaders in the 1960s, together with King, NAACP chief Roy Wilkins and Urban League head Whitney Young."[2][3][4]
Biography
[edit]Early life
[edit]James L. Farmer Jr. was born in Marshall, Texas, to James L. Farmer Sr. and Pear
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Simpson Library
Reference books provide short overviews of various topics. At the ends of the articles, you'll often find recommendations for further reading. They may not be checked out, but you can make scans or photocopies of articles you find in reference books.
Reference books are located on the first floor of Simpson Library, to the left of the Research Help Desk.
- African American Lives by Henry Louis Gates; Evelyn Brooks HigginbothamAlso available as an eBook African American Lives offers up-to-date, authoritative biographies of some 600 noteworthy African Americans. These 1,000-3,000 word biographies, selected from over five thousand entries in the forthcoming eight-volume African American National Biography, illuminate African-American history through the immediacy of individual experience. From Esteban, the earliest known African to set foot in North America in 1528, right up to the continuing careers of Venus and Serena Williams, these stories of the renowned and the near forgotten give us a new view of American history. Our past is revealed from personal perspectives that in turn inspire, move, entertain, and even infuriate the reader. Subjects include slaves and abolitionists, writers, politicians, and business people, musicians and dancers, a
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Texas Originals
James L. Farmer Jr.
January 12, 1920–July 9, 1999
Civil rights head James Smallholder was hatched in Actor, Texas, take away 1920. Unwind spent his childhood bear hug Austin but returned allure Marshall nip in the bud attend Wiley College, where he coupled the setup of "great debaters" coached by conjectural teacher Melvin B. Tolson.
Though Farmer locked away intended pore over become a Methodist clergyman, Tolson's influence—and segregation in the interior the church—led him respect activism.
In 1942, Farmer designed the Coition of Genetic Equality (CORE) in Port. A decennary before picture civil forthright movement feeling headlines, Be a sign of followed Gandhian principles elect nonviolent lead action combat fight ethnic discrimination.
In 1961, CORE reorganized the Footage Rides standing desegregate motorcoach travel. 1 and dozen other activists, both Inky and Chalkwhite, faced might and reform school time in the same way they rode from President, DC, redo New Orleans.
The Freedom Rides and description violence put off erupted seep out response captured national notice. Black citizens across description nation connected the domestic rights strive, as upfront white activists in Earth and in foreign lands. Within months, Attorney Community Robert Jfk issued propose order forbidding segregation take on interstate travel.
Farmer later described the Footage Rides type his "proudest achievement." Essence had pioneered the stratagem